Manila Before the Spanish: A Thriving Maritime Hub
Long before Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521, Manila was already a bustling center of trade. The Tagalog people had established a thriving port city called Maynilad, named after the nilad plant that grew along the banks of the Pasig River.
The Rajahnate of Maynila
By the 15th century, the area was ruled by Rajah Sulayman, a Muslim leader who oversaw a cosmopolitan hub where Chinese, Malay, and Arab traders exchanged goods like porcelain, spices, and gold. The pre-colonial society was sophisticated, with a written script (Baybayin) and a complex barter economy.
Spanish Colonization: The Birth of "Intramuros"
The arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi in 1571 marked a violent turning point. The Spanish destroyed the original settlement and built Intramuros ("Within the Walls"), a fortified city that became the heart of colonial power for over 300 years.
The Galleon Trade and Global Exploitation
Manila became the linchpin of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade, funneling silver from the Americas to China in exchange for silk and spices. This early globalization came at a brutal cost: forced labor (polo y servicios) and the encomienda system devastated indigenous communities.
Revolutions and Resistance
By the late 19th century, Manila was a powder keg of dissent. The execution of nationalist José Rizal in 1896 ignited the Philippine Revolution.
The Mock Battle of Manila
In a cruel twist of irony, the Spanish-American War of 1898 saw the U.S. and Spanish forces stage a "mock battle" to hand over Manila—excluding Filipino revolutionaries who had fought for independence. This betrayal set the stage for the Philippine-American War (1899–1902), one of the 20th century’s bloodiest conflicts.
World War II: The Most Destroyed Allied Capital
Manila’s darkest hour came in 1945 during the Battle of Manila. Japanese forces massacred 100,000 civilians in a month-long orgy of violence, while U.S. artillery flattened the city. The destruction was so complete that General Douglas MacArthur wept upon seeing the ruins.
The Marcos Era: Corruption and Crony Capitalism
Post-war Manila became a playground for dictators. Ferdinand Marcos’s 20-year rule (1965–1986) saw the city’s infrastructure decay as his cronies looted billions. The People Power Revolution of 1986 finally ousted him, but the scars remain.
Manila Today: Climate Change and Inequality
Modern Manila is a city of extremes. Skyscrapers tower over slums, and the Pasig River—once a lifeline—is now a toxic sewer.
The Typhoon Belt and Sinking City
As climate change intensifies, Manila faces existential threats. Super typhoons like Haiyan (2013) and Odette (2021) expose the city’s fragile infrastructure. Worse, parts of Manila are sinking 10 cm per year due to groundwater extraction—a crisis worsened by unregulated development.
The Drug War and Human Rights
Rodrigo Duterte’s war on drugs (2016–2022) turned Manila’s streets into killing fields, with over 6,000 extrajudicial deaths. Critics argue it targeted the poor while ignoring systemic corruption.
The Future: Resilience or Ruin?
Manila’s history is a cycle of destruction and rebirth. Today, activists push for sustainable urban planning, while artists and historians fight to preserve its cultural heritage. The question remains: Can this city of 14 million survive the 21st century’s storms—both literal and political?